<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" "journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">REA Press</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Null</journal-id>
      <journal-title>REA Press</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">3042-3066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3042-3066</issn><publisher>
      	<publisher-name>REA Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.48313/scodm.v2i4.47</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group><subject>Opportunistic maintenance, Spare parts, Structural dependency, Closed-loop supply chain, Reliability.</subject></subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Opportunistic Maintenance Modeling in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain: The Impact of Spare Parts Material, Technician Skill, and Environmental Conditions</article-title><subtitle>Opportunistic Maintenance Modeling in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain: The Impact of Spare Parts Material, Technician Skill, and Environmental Conditions</subtitle></title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author">
	<name name-style="western">
	<surname>Najafi </surname>
		<given-names>Mahnam </given-names>
	</name>
	<aff>Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.</aff>
	</contrib><contrib contrib-type="author">
	<name name-style="western">
	<surname>Faroughi</surname>
		<given-names>Hiva </given-names>
	</name>
	<aff>Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.</aff>
	</contrib></contrib-group>		
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2025 REA Press</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"><p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p></license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="companion" vol="2" page="e235" id="RA1" ext-link-type="pmc">
			<article-title>Opportunistic Maintenance Modeling in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain: The Impact of Spare Parts Material, Technician Skill, and Environmental Conditions</article-title>
      </related-article>
	  <abstract abstract-type="toc">
		<p>
			Opportunistic Maintenance (OM) is one of the key approaches for optimizing maintenance operations in Closed-Loop Supply Chains (CLSC), which leverages the repair and recovery of spare parts to reduce costs and improve reliability. In this paper, a new OM model is proposed that, in addition to classical factors such as component age and economic and structural dependencies, incorporates spare-part material type, technician skill level, and environmental conditions into maintenance decision-making. The material of spare parts directly affects their failure rate and service life, while technician skill enhances repair quality and post-repair lifetime. Moreover, environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity alter the degradation rate of components. Preliminary results and conceptual analyses indicate that the proposed model can reduce costs, improve the overall performance of the closed-loop supply chain, and enhance the reliability of repaired components.
		</p>
		</abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body></body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Null</p>
    </ack>
  </back>
</article>